Why is meta-analysis a powerful tool?

	a)	Sticking to particular methodological vantage points can lead to blind spots and lack of progress.
	b)	Over-reliance on single findings can be misleading.
	c)	Multiple research findings are required to fully explore a given area.
	d)	All of the above.
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How should a literature review be used to its best effect?

	a)	Material needs to be assimilated, analysed and interpreted.
	b)	It should be a lengthy history of the research topic that includes a summary of all aspects of the research area.
	c)	It is essential that the researcher does not evaluate the research but merely summarises it.
	d)	It must not be used as an introduction to the specific research area, it should merely state facts concerning the broader issues involved in general terms.
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How can the apples and pears problem be overcome?

	a)	With difficulty as generally there are too few studies that are directly replicated.
	b)	By comparing studies that are direct replications.
	c)	By only comparing studies that are generalisable.
	d)	All of the above.
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What is the definition of the 'file drawer problem?'

	a)	Studies in which non-significant results have been discarded.
	b)	Publishers that refuse to divulge their non-significant findings.
	c)	Studies that are not direct replications and therefore unable to be used by the researcher.
	d)	All of the above.
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In section 22.2, the author refers to the method of combining results as a 'vote in a referendum on the research question being asked'. How effective is this method?

	a)	Very effective, it enables the researcher to identify specific effects.
	b)	This method is flawed as it contravenes the probabilistic nature of hypothesis testing.
	c)	It is useful as a negative result invariable means that no effect was found.
	d)	It is an effective way of distinguishing between true negative results and false negative results.
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When embarking on a meta-analytic study, the author uses the example of evaluating a new type of reading intervention for dyslexic readers. What has to be considered when selecting the material to be analysed?

	a)	Studies must have used the same intervention and reading technique.
	b)	A comparison group should be included that received conventional remedial teaching.
	c)	Participants should all be screened for dyslexia and randomly assigned to the treatment vs. non-treatment groups.
	d)	All of the above.
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Meta-analyitic research is suggested to be drawn from the idea of Tippet (1931). What was his main argument?

	a)	That exploring multiple studies in a specific area could result in a conflict of ideas and should therefore be avoided.
	b)	That research findings are too diverse to be considered as valid data.
	c)	Taking the probalitities of a series of studies together could determine whether the effect was valid or the results were attained purely by chance.
	d)	Taking the probalitities of a series of studies together would determine that results were attained purely by chance.
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